John
I have had red efts reach maturity in just under a year.
You will know when they are maturing as the orange will fade, and they will take on the adult coloration.
I suspect some of those questions are impossible to answer. Each locality of newts has its own timetable, and captivity or the presence of water may or may not affect it. I don't think these things are known.
It wouldn't hurt to keep a water dish with them (make sure it's easy to get in/out of), but I think you can wait until they change color to provide a significant water area.
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